Mescaline
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine (commonly known as Mescaline) is a naturally-occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class that produces "classical psychedelic" effects (i.e. those of psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline, LSD, and DMT when administered.
Mescaline occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), and it is produced in a number of other cacti species such as the Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), Echinopsis peruviana (Peruvian Torch) as well as the Cactaceae plant and the Fabaceae bean family. It was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.
This particular substance is both an important part of and inspiration to Alexander Shulgin's life's work as a psychedelic chemist and researcher. It is a member of the so-called "magical half-dozen" which refers to Shulgin's self-rated most important phenethylamine compounds with psychedelic activity, all of which except mescaline he developed and synthesized himself. They are found within the first book of PiHKAL, and are as follows: Mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7.
Unlike most highly prohibited substances, mescaline is not considered to be dependence-forming or addictive by the research and medical community. Nevertheless, unpredictable adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, delusions and psychosis can still always occur, particularly among those predisposed to psychiatric disorders. It is highly advised to approach this powerful, long-lasting hallucinogenic substance with the proper amount of precaution and harm reduction practices if using this substance.
Mescaline occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), and it is produced in a number of other cacti species such as the Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), Echinopsis peruviana (Peruvian Torch) as well as the Cactaceae plant and the Fabaceae bean family. It was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.
This particular substance is both an important part of and inspiration to Alexander Shulgin's life's work as a psychedelic chemist and researcher. It is a member of the so-called "magical half-dozen" which refers to Shulgin's self-rated most important phenethylamine compounds with psychedelic activity, all of which except mescaline he developed and synthesized himself. They are found within the first book of PiHKAL, and are as follows: Mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7.
Unlike most highly prohibited substances, mescaline is not considered to be dependence-forming or addictive by the research and medical community. Nevertheless, unpredictable adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, delusions and psychosis can still always occur, particularly among those predisposed to psychiatric disorders. It is highly advised to approach this powerful, long-lasting hallucinogenic substance with the proper amount of precaution and harm reduction practices if using this substance.
The ritual use of the Peyote cactus has occurred for at least 5700 years by Native Americans in Mexico. Upon early contact, Europeans noted the use of Peyote in Native American religious ceremonies. Additionally, alternative mescaline-containing cacti such as the San Pedro have a long history of use in the South American continent, spanning from Peru to Ecuador.
The principal psychoactive component in both Peyote and San Pedro, mescaline, was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.
In traditional peyote preparations, the top of the cactus is cut at ground level, leaving the large tap roots to grow new 'heads'. These 'heads' are then dried to make disc-shaped buttons and the buttons are chewed to produce the effects or soaked in water to drink. In modern times, users will often grind it into a powder and pour it into gel capsules to avoid having to come into contact with the bitter taste of the cactus. The usual human dose is 200–400 milligrams of mescaline sulfate or 178–356 milligrams of mescaline hydrochloride. The average 76 mm (3.0 in.) button contains about 25 mg mescaline.
The principal psychoactive component in both Peyote and San Pedro, mescaline, was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.
In traditional peyote preparations, the top of the cactus is cut at ground level, leaving the large tap roots to grow new 'heads'. These 'heads' are then dried to make disc-shaped buttons and the buttons are chewed to produce the effects or soaked in water to drink. In modern times, users will often grind it into a powder and pour it into gel capsules to avoid having to come into contact with the bitter taste of the cactus. The usual human dose is 200–400 milligrams of mescaline sulfate or 178–356 milligrams of mescaline hydrochloride. The average 76 mm (3.0 in.) button contains about 25 mg mescaline.
Mescaline, or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino -NH2 group through an ethyl chain. Mescaline contains three methoxy functional groups CH3O- which are attached to carbons R3, R4, and R5 of the phenyl ring.
Mescaline acts similarly to other psychedelic agents. It binds to and activates the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with a high affinity. How activating the 5-HT2A receptor leads to psychedelia is still unknown, but it likely somehow involves excitation of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Mescaline is also known to bind to and activate the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor.
Mescaline acts similarly to other psychedelic agents. It binds to and activates the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with a high affinity. How activating the 5-HT2A receptor leads to psychedelia is still unknown, but it likely somehow involves excitation of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Mescaline is also known to bind to and activate the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor.
PHYSICAL EFFECTS:
STIMULATION - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the tripper, mescaline is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating without being forced. For example, when taken in any environment it will usually encourage physical activities such as running, walking, climbing or dancing. In comparison, other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocin are generally sedating and relaxed.
SPONTANEOUS PHYSICAL EFFECTS - The "body high" of mescaline can be described as proportionally intense in comparison to its accompanying visual and cognitive effects. It is manifested in a number of forms including an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming extremely physically euphoric. This is most similar to MDMA and psilocin and is consistently manifested throughout the experience. This is contrasted by an intensely pleasurable yet sharp, cold electric tingling sensation which moves up and down the body. This is most similar to LSD and is also consistently manifested throughout the trip. The final physical effect noticed throughout the experience is an intense energetic pins and needles sensation that manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting and tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves. This is most similar to 2C-B and is not entirely consistent throughout the experience.
PHYSICAL EUPHORIA - Relative to other psychedelics, mescaline has been noted for the bodily or physically euphoric aspect that is vaguely reminiscent of other phenethylamines like MDA.
NAUSEA - Nausea is commonly reported when consumed in moderate to high doses and either passes instantly once the tripper has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
INCREASED SALIVATION - This component, while uncommon, seems to be less pronounced than it is with psilocin and other tryptamines and usually does not persist throughout the experience.
TACTILE ENHANCEMENT - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensations are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most mescaline trips.
SEIZURE - This is a rarely observed effect but is thought to be able to happen in those predisposed to them, especially while in physically taxing conditions such as being dehydrated, fatigued, undernourished, or overheated.
APPETITE SUPPRESSION
BODILY CONTROL ENHANCEMENT
STAMINA ENHANCEMENT
OLFACTORY ENHANCEMENT
FREQUENT URINATION
INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASED LIBIDO
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
PUPIL DILATION
STIMULATION - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the tripper, mescaline is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating without being forced. For example, when taken in any environment it will usually encourage physical activities such as running, walking, climbing or dancing. In comparison, other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocin are generally sedating and relaxed.
SPONTANEOUS PHYSICAL EFFECTS - The "body high" of mescaline can be described as proportionally intense in comparison to its accompanying visual and cognitive effects. It is manifested in a number of forms including an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming extremely physically euphoric. This is most similar to MDMA and psilocin and is consistently manifested throughout the experience. This is contrasted by an intensely pleasurable yet sharp, cold electric tingling sensation which moves up and down the body. This is most similar to LSD and is also consistently manifested throughout the trip. The final physical effect noticed throughout the experience is an intense energetic pins and needles sensation that manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting and tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves. This is most similar to 2C-B and is not entirely consistent throughout the experience.
PHYSICAL EUPHORIA - Relative to other psychedelics, mescaline has been noted for the bodily or physically euphoric aspect that is vaguely reminiscent of other phenethylamines like MDA.
NAUSEA - Nausea is commonly reported when consumed in moderate to high doses and either passes instantly once the tripper has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
INCREASED SALIVATION - This component, while uncommon, seems to be less pronounced than it is with psilocin and other tryptamines and usually does not persist throughout the experience.
TACTILE ENHANCEMENT - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensations are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most mescaline trips.
SEIZURE - This is a rarely observed effect but is thought to be able to happen in those predisposed to them, especially while in physically taxing conditions such as being dehydrated, fatigued, undernourished, or overheated.
APPETITE SUPPRESSION
BODILY CONTROL ENHANCEMENT
STAMINA ENHANCEMENT
OLFACTORY ENHANCEMENT
FREQUENT URINATION
INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASED LIBIDO
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
PUPIL DILATION
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